1. What is the essential objective that scientists should pursue by striving to remove personal biases, a priori commitments, and emotional involvement from their investigations about the world?

   empiricism

   positivism 

   reactivity

   objectivity

2. When preparing a formal description of a theory, what are the essential elements that should be included?

   Description of data-processing methods

   None of the above

   Definitions of related concepts

    Explanation of the sampling technique

3. If a decrease in unemployment rates is accompanied by an increase in tax revenues, then unemployment rates and tax revenues have a(n) interconnected relationship.

   positive

   direct

    inverse

   indirect

4. For a causal relationship to be established, what conditions must be met?

   a change in the second value when there is a change in the first value

   a perfect association between the two variables.

   a cause-effect relationship in which the cause follows the effect

   no significant relationship between the two variables in question.

5. What is small area analysis primarily useful for?

   Engaging community members in disseminating research findings

   Studying how different practice styles affect health care utilization

   Obtaining evidence about the benefits, risks, and results of treatment

   Examining the determinants of health and diseases

6. What tasks are required of the researcher during the conceptualization stage of the research process?

   
   

   Devise measures that link concepts to observable events

   Interpret and use the research findings

   
   

    Identify the unit of analysis

   Determine the specific research topic

7. Questionnaires distribution and telephone interviews may be conducted in which stage of the research process?

   groundwork

   data-processing

   sampling

   data collection

8. What type of data results exclusively from the accumulation of data points over time from a single source?

   Panel data

   
   

   Cross-sectional data

   Longitudinal data

   Time-series data

9. The Area Resource File primarily gathers what type of statistics?

   Demographics, health professions, health facilities, and health status

   Mortality, cause of death, and fetal death

   Physical, physiological, and psychological diseases, and nutritional status

   Types of nursing homes, residents, discharged residents, and follow-up

10. John wants to determine the incidence of lead poisoning cases in a specific town. Which of these data sources would be the best choice for locating this information?

    
    

    Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

    National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

    National Health Interview Survey

    
    

    National Hospital Discharge Survey