What is the present value of the following? Use Appendix B as an approximate answer, but calculate your final answer using the formula and financial calculator methods.

a. $8,500 in 6 years at 12 percent? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)

b. $20,000 in 3 years at 11 percent? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)

c. $28,300 in 9 years at 8 percent? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answer to 2 decimal places.)