. What is the primary goal of environmental economics? a. Maximizing environmental degradation b. Balancing economic and environmental concerns c. Ignoring environmental issues for economic growth d. Minimizing economic development for environmental preservation . Which economic concept is central to environmental economics? a. Supply and demand b. Perfect competition c. Externalities d. Comparative advantage . What is the term used to describe the costs or benefits that affect a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit? a. Marginal cost b. Opportunity cost c. Externalities d. Social cost . Which of the following is an example of a positive externality in environmental economics? a. Air pollution from factories b. Vaccination programs c. Deforestation for timber production d. Industrial waste disposal in rivers