1. What is the real rate of interest? Differentiate it from the nominal rate of interest?
2. What is the term structure of interest rates, how is it related to the yield curve?
3. For a given class of similar-risk securities, what does each of the following yield curves reflect about interest rates: (a) downward sloping, (b) upward sloping, and (c) flat?
4. Briefly describe the following theories of the general shape of the yield curve: (a) expectations theory, (b) liquidity preference theory, and (c) market segmentation theory.
5. What is a call feature? What are stock purchase warrants?
6. What is the current yield for a bond? How are bond prices quoted?
7. Bond Valuation: Venchi Industries has outstanding a $1,000 par-value bond with an 8% coupon interest rate. The bond has 12 years remaining to its maturity date.
   1. If interest is paid annually, find the value of the bond when required return is (1) 7%, (2) 8%, (3) 10%.
   2. Indicate for each case in part a whether the bond is selling at a discount, at a premium, or its par value.

Using the 10% required return, find the bonds value when interest is paid semiannually