What is the total change in net deferred taxes from 2016 to 2017?

UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are comprised of the following at December 31, 2017 and 2016 (in millions): $ Fixed assets and capitalized software Other Deferred tax liabilities 2017 (3,288) $ (535) (3,823) 2016 (4,782) (756) (5,538) Pension and postretirement benefits Loss and credit carryforwards Insurance reserves Stock compensation Other Deferred tax assets Deferred tax assets valuation allowance Deferred tax asset (net of valuation allowance) 1,877 323 449 182 626 3,457 (126) 3,331 4,236 229 733 297 681 6,176 (159) 6,017 Net deferred tax asset (liability) $ (492) $ 479 $ 591 Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax asset (liability) 265 $ (757) (492) $ (112) 479 $ The valuation allowance changed by $(33), $(38) and $(11) million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We have a U.S. federal capital loss carryforward of $34 million as of December 31, 2017, $32 million of which expires on December 31, 2021 and the remainder of which expires on December 31, 2022. In addition, we have U.S. state and local operating loss and credit carryforwards as follows (in millions): 2017 2016 $ U.S. state and local operating loss carryforwards U.S. state and local credit carryforwards 1,215 $ 83 $ 603 70 $