What is water scarcity? Water scarcity is when an area lacks fresh water resources to the point where they don't meet standard water demands applicable to life needs. Water scarcity affects many parts of the world and in this paper we will be looking at Africa specifically. Water scarcity is a huge problem because fresh clean water is a key part to life whether it's for the body, or its many other uses to life. Relief to this crisis has been a work in progress for a while now and progress to provide fresh water sources are slowly being placed throughout africa. Until all areas receive a freshwater source The small towns have to go through quite a bit to venture out and get the fresh water they need for the day.

What are the factors causing the water crisis in africa? Leah Rodriguez states "Poverty is a huge barrier to access to water and sanitation, and most of the world's poorest countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. Natural disasters, increased pollution, and a lack of resources are all driving forces of the water crisis in sub-Saharan Africa.". Poverty and access to clean water go together hand in hand. This is because if you can't access clean water you can't stay healthy and if you can't stay healthy you can't go to school, work, or do anything to make money leading to a constant state of poverty in Africa because of sickness.

Illness comes from the lack of sanitation. With minimal access to sanitation and safe toilets people defecate in the open. The exposed human waste is then transferred back into peoples food and water resources. Women try to find safer, more private places to defecate but this can lead to gender based violence. Illnesses from human waste include diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. On average 115 people die every hour in sub-saharan Africa due to poor sanitation, lack of hygiene, and contaminated water.

The population has almost doubled in Africa over the past twenty five years but the sanitation and water have barely improved. Most funding goes to areas doing well rather than the rural areas that are behind in sanitation. Underprivileged urban areas tend to pay more for clean water than the wealthy areas. Areas in Africa endure major flooding and other natural disasters. Flooding contaminates the drinking water. The other parts of Africa endure major droughts and are not able to grow crops or access any type of water source that is close by. With the climate issues, water accessibility is even more limited because it either gets contaminated during floods or it is non existent due to droughts leaving minimal access to clean fresh water.

For many places the closest source of water is thirty minutes away by foot. Fetching the water is a very physically demanding task yet women are the main people who make this venture every day to go get fresh water for things like cooking, drinking, and hygiene like washing clothes or bathing. The jugs are normally five gallons which is about forty pounds when full. Many carry the jugs on their heads and overtime this can lead to neck and spinal injuries making life even more difficult.

The women even when pregnant still make the trip for water, sometimes very early in the morning or late at night to get less contaminated water or to avoid the blazing heat of africa. If the trip is made during the day dehydration can easily occur or possibly even heat strokes. Another factor was that the flow of the current could be risky and take the jugs with the current, possibly pull off clothing, or pull the person in completely and risk drowning. Some mothers even have their children helping in the trips for water and if the child isnt strong enough to carry the water correctly, many health issues can occur later in life and be a lifelong issue.

The trip for water, depending on how far the trip is, can also be very dangerous for reasons other than environmental problems or problems that can occur to the body. This issue is gender based violence that can happen along the walk. Unless guarded by the husbands or other grown men, the women were more susceptible to wild animal attacks or even being raped.

What is being done to solve the water scarcity solution? Communities are gathering and deciding to use a crop that doesn't require as much water for growth. They are also looking t the ways of doing their fields whether they till it or dont till it and other things like that based off of what produces best in their area. Next governments are stepping in and providing funding for wastewater management in urban areas which improves water management and quality, along with decreasing scarcity of water. Unions are also working together with many bigger relief organizations to provide funding to build water supply systems in areas that need them. Global goal four aims to provide efficient and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. This may be a push to get it all done by 2030 because there are so many places still in need of aid but it's a goal to work for.

Once the scarcity of water is gone, what will happen? First, health will increase dramatically. Many of the illnesses are brought on by contaminated water. With clean water these diseases will be less of an issue allowing people to live lives and go to school. With minimal diseases people will be able to put what money they have to other aspects of their life as well.

Next people will be able to go to school and achieve an education. With everyone being sick from illness they were not able to go to school and learn. Now they will be able to go to school and learn and push for a better life and after school they could work and make money to make life better.

With clean water women wouldn't have to make the treks for water everyday. This leaves more time for more women to get an education and build a life not consisting of fetching water and doing house work everyday for no pay. With this spike in women going to school, more government funding may be applied to schools to increase students' ability to learn by allowing for money to pay for good teachers or equipment needed to teach.

Life would boom upward in quality. With more people going to school and getting an education, more people will be able to get jobs and fund families to grow. With these families growing more and making more money poverty would soon diminish and towns would grow.

If a solid source of water were to be given, people could use that source to water their crops and either sell the crops or harvest it and feed their family.

With everything being said, water scarcity is something that affects life in many ways. Water scarcity limits many ways of life in many ways. If the water is contaminated Illnesses become a major issue preventing people from living their daily lives or even causing death. With towns having no water they have to send people to go get water to function and live life to the best of their abilities. Women are the majority who get sent after water. Getting the water alone can be very dangerous due to anything from causing spinal issues or gender based issues. Then there are the environmental issues like the current of the river, the heat of the days, or being attacked by wildlife. There is progress being made towards increasing water sources. These clean water sources would increase the longevity of life by diminishing illnesses and the need for making women go on long walks to fetch water. With just those two alone, more people will be educated,be able to live their lives, and get jobs to provide for their families. The health would increase and the toll of carrying water would not have an affect on the body as much. Providing clean sources of water for areas that don't have one is a major work in progress but it is being done and is expected to be done by 2030 with the help of several organizations that solely focus on providing clean and safe water along with sanitational needs.

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