(what makes a regressive policy efficient vs the definition for efficient) There are 5 primary policy criteria: (ECE - F - IE - E - M) a) Efficiency and cost effectiveness: b) Fairness: C) Incentive Effects: Enforceability: e) Morality: Centralized vs Decentralized Policies: Centralized; Administrated for all of Canada and is the responsibility of an administrative agency by the federal government and enforced by Environment Canada. Decentralized; Policies where there is one where many different individuals make decisions about the policy for certain cities from local or municipal government. a) Cost Effective and Efficient Policy: -When it is hard to measure the benefits of a program, we often focus on Cost-Effective policies rather than trying to find efficient policies based on MB. Cost Effective Policy; One that produces the maximum environmental improvement possible for the resources being expended, or will achieve a given amount of environmental improvement with the least possible cost. -will either produce the most benefits for a cost or will reduce pollution by a determined unit and find what ever policy does that with the least cost -Most cost-effective way or obtaining a certain level of environmental quality. Efficient Policy; It moves us near where the Marginal Abatement Costs = Marginal Damages. For a policy to be efficient, it is effective, but not vice versa. Why is it important: -The more efficient policies reduce the amount spent by 50% for the same amount of pollution control. (or much more pollution control for the same cost) -Important for the study of how we divide up our scarce resources. -especially true for developing countries so they need to spend their resources effectively, they are the source of the most pollution and have limited resources to eradicate their pollution contributions. b) Fairness; Considers who pays and who benefits from a policy