What makes a theory psychodynamic? Discuss the general aspects of psychodynamic theory and relate it to one of the schools/models of psychodynamic psychotherapy and its counselling work with clients.

R: Psychodynamic theories "stress a motivated unconscious or unconscious motivation"(Kealy & Ogrodniczuk, 2019). As we gain insight, we discover that these unconscious experiences are incredibly unique to each person because of their own thinking, self-analysis, self-absorption, thoughtfulness, or partially via dreams and fantasies. Experiences as a child are also thought to be significant because they "impact the formation of unconscious motivational inclinations, and conflicts between motivational or psychosocial factors" (Kealy & Ogrodniczuk, 2019). Meaning that early events shape our attributes as adults. In other words, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes our unconscious psychological processes, such as phobias and desires, which we are not always informed of. According to developmental arrest theories, psychological issues are brought on by parents or guardians who don't provide the child the best or most appropriate environment (Safran et al., 2019). The child finds it difficult to establish a solid sense of self as a result of this setback. I think empathy is essential when working with clients in this situation. It enables the therapist to establish a therapeutic alliance with the client and comprehend their unique personality and perspective.

This empathy is especially in a psychodynamic approach, which may involve the resurgence of unpleasant or dangerous thoughts/emotions, and subsequently, resistance from the client (Wedding & Corsini, 2019).

Defensive behaviours in response to confrontation with anxiety-provoking thoughts/emotions is relatively common in psychodynamic therapy, as it seeks to explore the unconscious and intrapsychic conflicts (Abbass & Town, 2021; Wedding & Corsini, 2019). As a result, the client may rely on defenses to avoid or quiet this intrusion into their constructed awareness. Therapist intrusion into their preconceived understanding of themselves and their relationships can lead to rupture of the integrity of the therapeutic alliance (Abbass & Town, 2021). This issue may be exacerbated by the intensity and frequency of sessions with the therapist. However, a strong empathic connection between the therapist and client promotes a smoother repair of the ruptured alliance, and the following baseline tolerance for the therapist's level of intrusion and disruption of their current awareness may be elevated.

**What other functions does empathy serve in a psychodynamic approach?