when calculating permanent earnings by removing impairment charges to long-term assets from the net income, which of the following is correct about the procedure?

if the removed impairment charges occur after taxes, the income tax amount needs to be adjusted downward upon removal?

if the removed impairment charges occur after taxes, the income tax amount needs to be adjusted upward upon removal?

if the removed impairment charges occur before taxes, the income tax amount needs to be adjusted downward upon removal?

none of the above?

Which of the following earnings management violates GAAP?

change a company's inventory valuation assumption from lifo to fifo

bury normal Operating expenses in restructuring charges

Cut the R&D spending of a company during financial difficulty

which of the following items are included in the adjustments of net income to obtain cash flow from operating activities:

deperecation expense for the period, the change in deferred taxes, the amount by which equity income recognized exceeds cash received