When Larry was in sixth grade, he was caught cheating on a test. Even though he learned his lesson and vowed never to cheat again, he gained a reputation among the teachers as a "bad student" and was treated that way for the remainder of his time at the school. Larry's label as a "bad student" had become a __________ for him. 

a. secondary label 

b. stigma 

c. deviant behavior 

d. social role