When tailoring a program to meet the needs of the offender, external factors such as transportation should be considered.

Group of answer choices

True

False

AA and 12-step programs have been found to be equally effective in the offender population as they are in the general population?

Group of answer choices

True

False

More than 5 million children in the U.S. have an incarcerated parent.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Studies examining the "get tough on crime" era found little positive impact on recidivism, but a large increase in the prison population.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Research on the efficacy of correctional education programs has found indirect benefits such as increased coping skills, maturity, etc.

Group of answer choices

True

False

The effect of punishment alone on recidivism has generally been found to have little effect, or in some studies has been suggested to increase recidivism.

Group of answer choices

True

False

_____________ may begin seeking out resources and thinking seriously about how they might change their behavior.

Group of answer choices

Pre-contemplation

Determination

Action

Contemplation

Maintenance

When you give too long periods of treatment it may have a diminishing return in terms of its effectiveness.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________refers to our ability to predict to a group with similar factors, but not our ability to predict to an individual.

Group of answer choices

Cohort risk

Actuarial risk

Meta-analysis

Scholarship suggests that children with an incarcerated parent are more likely to have witnessed or experienced violence.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Family members can experience stigma in the community for having a family member incarcerated.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Most offenders receive regular family visits during their incarceration.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Offenders are allowed to live in subsidized housing (low income government housing) as long as they are living with a family member that has not been involved with the criminal justice system.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Determinate sentencing schemes provided a range in the length of an inmate's sentence. For example, 2-4 years.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Current policies have suggested a move toward incorporating treatment with punishment.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Majority of research has found boot camps reduce recidivism by targeting criminogenic needs?

Group of answer choices

True

False

________-generation risk assessment instruments include a wider range of offender risk factors and personal factors relevant to treatment that have not been measured to date.

Group of answer choices

Second generation

First generation

Fourth generation

Third generation

This core correctional practice has staff teach and practice new techniques/methods such as problem solving, how to experience empathy towards others, and to rationally assess situations to affect how the offender behaves in various situations.

Group of answer choices

Effective reinforcement

Skill building

Effective use of authority

Relationship skills

The risk, need, responsivity, and professional discretion principles are the foundation for good offender assessment.

Group of answer choices

True

False

_____________ individuals are not actively seeking to change their behaviors - they may not be aware that there are behaviors that need to be changes.

Group of answer choices

Pre-contemplation

Contemplation

Determination

Action

Maintenance

An example of anexclusion zone that would be programmed into a GPS might include which of the following?

Group of answer choices

Doctor's office

Victim's residence

Place of employment

School

This primary theoretical model used in effective correctional interventions suggests that most learning occurs through modeling and that we learn prosocial behaviors in the same way as we learn criminal behaviors.

Group of answer choices

Conflict theories

Social learning theories

Labeling theories

Cognitive behavioral theories

The mass incarceration of women due to the War on Drugs has led to increasing numbers of children in the foster system.

Group of answer choices

True

False

While halfway houses have been found to reduce recidivism and serve as an effective community-based strategy, they are typically limited to people with substance use disorders and are limited in their availability.

Group of answer choices

True

False

An effect size assesses the relative strength of the intervention on the subject of the study (e.g. cognitive behavioral treatment on recidivism).

Group of answer choices

True

False

More programs are starting to use evidence- based practices to guide their treatment approaches.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________ GPS systems temporarily store tracking data that is downloaded every 24 hours; whereas ________________GPS transmits data in real time.

Group of answer choices

Passive; active

Active; passive

Statistical prediction is more accurate than clinical prediction.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Static risk factors are changeable (e.g. unemployment).

Group of answer choices

True

False

Which of the following is/are responsivity factors that need to be considered when determining treatment approaches?

Group of answer choices

Language barriers

None of the above

Mental health status

Person's IQ

All of the above

Almost half of state prisoners have not completed high school or a high school equivalency.

Group of answer choices

True

False

_____________ Clients commit to change and begin to modify the behavior(s) in question. In this stage, clients stop engaging in the problem behavior (e.g. drug/alcohol use, hanging out with antisocial peers).

Group of answer choices

Contemplation

Action

Maintenance

Determination

Pre-contemplation

________- generation actuarial risk assessment instruments were empirically based, but atheoretical, and primarily relied on static questions.

Group of answer choices

Second generation

First generation

Fourth generation

Third generation

Most substance abusers will relapse within the first _____month(s) following release from prison?

Group of answer choices

1 month

1 year

3 months

6 months

It is only recently that education has become a fundamental part of corrections due to more recent research on the effect of education on recidivism.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Electronic monitoring has consistently been found to reduce recidivism by the fact that it offers increased surveillance.

Group of answer choices

True

False

States are not allowed to mandate any type of educational programs; inmates must volunteer to participate.

Group of answer choices

True

False

_________ refers to the consistency of an assessment instrument - if two people were to administer the same instrument on the same person their score would be the same.

Group of answer choices

Validity

Reliability

All of the 8 major risk factors of criminal behavior identified by Andrews and Bonta are equal or the same in the strength of their correlation with criminal behavior.

Group of answer choices

True

False

The offender population is disproportionately represented in the homeless population, especially those with mental health disorders.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Prisons make visitations as easy as possible to motivate family to visit their loved one in prison knowing the importance of keeping social networks.

Group of answer choices

True

False

There are two types of dynamic risk factors. This type of factor can be changed quickly (e.g. finding a job for someone unemployed).

Group of answer choices

Stable

Acute

The most effective approach for reducing recidivism is to target higher-risk offenders, target criminogenic needs factors, and consider responsivity factors that might affect an offender's engagement in programs.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Our best predictor of risk is when we combine static and dynamic factors.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Scholars ALL AGREE that mental health is a direct risk factor of criminal behavior.

Group of answer choices

True

False

________-maintained a work-based component allowing inmates to work together during the day but not allowing them to speak

Group of answer choices

New York / congregate system

Pennsylvania / separate system

Children experiencing violence in the home are more likely to have problems managing aggression and difficulty in school.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________principle is about matching programs and interventions based on learning styles and abilities.

Group of answer choices

Responsivity

Risk

Need

An offender's motivation to change can exist on a continuum from being very eager to change to not identifying there's even a problem.

Group of answer choices

True

False

It is important to consider completion rates in educational and treatment programs.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Studies on educational programs have found that corrections-based educational programs are associated with an increased likelihood of employment on release from prison.

Group of answer choices

True

False

It's better to targetlow risk offenders in high intensity programs to stop their behaviors before they worsen.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Intensive supervision has been found to increase returns to prison through technical violations despite the more one-on-one approach between the officer and the client.

Group of answer choices

True

False

This refers to the need for a certain duration of treatment for it to be effective.

Group of answer choices

Temporal threshold

Dosaging timeframe

Iatrogenic effect

This period in correctional reform believed that we should try to understand why individuals engage in crime and rehabilitate them.

Group of answer choices

The Progressive Era

Age of Enlightenment

Crime control period

The Penitentiary and Reform Era

Because returning offenders face such hardships finding stable housing, public housing facilities must permit any ex-offender regardless of offense lease to live in the complex.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________principle is about "what to target". Interventions and programs should target criminogenic risk factors.

Group of answer choices

Need

Risk

Responsivity

There are three ways that scholars summarize research. This approach is considered the most favorable because it allows for the findings to show the relative strength of the intervention.

Group of answer choices

Meta-analysis

Ballot counting

Literature reviews

_____________ may be willing to recognize a problem exists, but haven't committed to a change - teeter-totter stage - ambivalence.

Group of answer choices

Action

Pre-contemplation

Determination

Maintenance

Contemplation

________-generation instruments, also known as risk-need instruments, included both static and dynamic (i.e., changeable) factors.

Group of answer choices

Second generation

Third generation

First generation

Fourth generation

The rates of learning and educational disabilities are about the same in the general population as they are in the offender population.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Prisons are using more virtual visitations to help families connect with their loved one in prison.

Group of answer choices

True

False

The majority of returning offenders are able to rely on family for social support due to maintaining strong relationships throughout their incarceration.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Children of an incarcerated parent are no more likely to engage in delinquency than children without an incarcerated parent.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Correctional approaches & philosophies (e.g. retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation) can influence reentry and reintegration outcomes of offenders

Group of answer choices

True

False

Living in shelters has been found to increase the likelihood of parolees absconding.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________principle is predicting future criminal behavior and matching interventions and supervision based on the risk level of the offender.

Group of answer choices

Risk

Need

Responsivity

The Crime Control Model developed because of which of the following?

Group of answer choices

Martinson's "Nothing Works" study was published

Crime rates were rising in the 1960s and 1970s

All of the above

Increasing in violent crime by juveniles

Treatment effects are strongest when you target high risk offenders; targeting low risk offenders often increase failure rates.

Group of answer choices

True

False

___________ are essentially studies of studies designed to determine effect sizes.

Group of answer choices

Meta-analyses

Longitudinal

Cross sectional

Secondary studies

____________ client develops clear steps to maintain behavioral changes- includes relapse prevention strategies such as avoiding high risk situations (e.g. bars).

Group of answer choices

Pre-contemplation

Contemplation

Determination

Maintenance

Action

The Scared Straight Program has been found to be successful in reducing recidivism and preventing criminal behavior?

Group of answer choices

True

False

Although home detention can be used for defendants pre-trial or as a community-based sanction either in lieu of incarceration or as a person who is transitioning back into the community, it has not been found to reduce recidivism.

Group of answer choices

True

False

These sanctions are referred to as_______________because they allow judges to offer sentences that are stricter than probation, but less harsh than prison.

Group of answer choices

Step

Indeterminate

Intermediate

Graduated

All of the following have been identified by Andrews and Bonta as major risk factors of criminal conduct, except__________.

Group of answer choices

Marital status

Pro criminal associates

Substance use

Antisocial / pro-criminal attitudes

History of antisocial behavior

Which type of factors are typically targeted for change in correctional programs?

Group of answer choices

Static

Dynamic

The impact of maternal incarceration has been found to be a higher risk on a child than paternal incarceration.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Responsivity factors can include which of the following?

Group of answer choices

Cognitive ability

All of the above

Mental health

Personality

Trauma

This intervention focuses on how core beliefs influence emotions and behaviors.

Group of answer choices

Effective reinforcement

Therapeutic communities

Motivational enhancement

Cognitive behavioral

_________refers to the accuracy of the instrument in predicting what it is intended to predict (e.g. recidivism).

Group of answer choices

Reliability

Validity

Correctional policy is cyclical and subject to social and political forces.

Group of answer choices

True

False

________- maintained a work-based component but had inmates confined to work in isolation in their cells.

Group of answer choices

Pennsylvania / separate system

New York / congregate system

________-generation risk assessment instruments relied primarily on the unstructured professional judgment of correctional staff and clinical professionals.

Group of answer choices

Third generation

First generation

Fourth generation

Second generation

All of which of the following are reasons why cognitive behavioral theory can be effective in reducing recidivism, except________.

Group of answer choices

Based on scientific evidence

Based on learning

Targets major criminogenic needs

Focuses on past history

__________________ are programs for offenders to report who need increased supervision and services (e.g. job skills, education, drug abuse treatment, counseling). They can be mandated to report every day and stay for a short time or be required to stay all day.

Group of answer choices

Probation centers

Halfway houses

Intermediate centers

Day reporting centers

This type of treatment approach has been found to be more effective in reducing recidivism.

Group of answer choices

Non-behavioral

Behavioral

This theoretical approach would argue that people are not troubled because of the events they experience but, rather, because of the views they take on such events.

Group of answer choices

Social learning theories

Cognitive behavioral theories

Labeling theories

Conflict theories

Pell grants have recently been reinstated on a limited bases to offer inmates the opportunity for a secondary education.

Group of answer choices

True

False

The shifting policy to address correctional policies from a benevolent and humanistic approach began with....

Group of answer choices

The Age of Christianity

The Middle Ages

The Dark Ages

The Age of Enlightenment

Which component of the RNR model is the least understood and neglected?

Group of answer choices

Need

Responsivity

Risk