When Thomas Jefferson became president, he decided not to grant positions as judges to people who had been promised the jobs by the previous president, John Adams, because Adams was from the opposing party. Jefferson instructed his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to award the appointments. One of the men who had been promised one of those jobs, William Marbury, sued Madison for the job. The Supreme Court declared the case unconstitutional, establishing their power of: Judicial activism Judicial review Burden of proof Certiorari