Which of the following arguments are formally valid? Though you cannot show your work, use deduction to show that an argument is valid, and use a counter$-$example $($i$.$e$.,$ an instance of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion$)$ to show that an argument is invalid.$-($Pv Q$),$ R P$,$ S Q: $-($RvS$)$If Nic got lost in Oregon then, unless he escaped quickly, he is in real trouble. But it's not the case that either Nic didn't get lost in Oregon or that he escaped quickly. So Nic is in real trouble.If the NSA is torturing Santa Claus, then they don't receive presents on Christmas. But they don't receive presents on Christmas, so they must be torturing Santa Claus. $=-$B$,--$ : $-($B v D$),$ A $($B&C$)$: $-$A