Which of the following income items is not considered earnings from self$-$employment?

a$.$ Fees received by a director of a corporation for attending board meetings.

b$.$ Compensation received by an independent contractor.

c$.$ Compensation received by a babysitter for providing child care in the babysitter$$s home.

d$.$ Compensation received by a $23-$year$-$old newspaper carrier.

e$.$ All of the above are considered earnings from self$-$employment.