Which of the following is an example of an ecological fallacy or Simpson's paradox?

a. There is a statistical relationship between the number of crimes committed in Detroit during July and the amount of Popsicles sold in Detroit grocery stores in July. Therefore, we can conclude that Popsicles cause crime.

b. You are considering buying an electric car and have been immersed in research on their value, advantages, and disadvantages. Suddenly, it seems you notice electric cars everywhere you go!

c. Your brother-in-law thinks that women are worse drivers than men. When he hears about a car accident or ticket, he asks "Who was driving?" to find evidence supporting his ideas.

d. Your neighbor claims that a certain news network spreads lies using statistics. He notes that one day, the network states that cases of COVID-19 have flatlined in the U.S. Another day, the network highlights massive spikes in COVID-19 in select states. Therefore, the network is lying.