Which of the following is not a benefit derived from an income tax treaty between the United States and another country?

1. Lower withholding tax rates imposed on cross border dividend and interest payments
2. A higher threshold for determining when a person has nexus in the other country
3. A higher threshold before an individual is considered a resident of the other country for tax purposes
4. Lower statutory tax rates imposed on effectively connected income earned by a resident of one country in the other country