Which of the following is not a criticism directed at modernization theory?

• Some countries industrialized without adopting governmental systems like those in the United States or Western Europe
• Many industrializing societies retained rather than abandoned much of their traditional culture
• Cultural heritage appears in some cases to have motivated the drive for industrialization so as to be better able to compete with advanced nations
• Modernization theory neglects the power of advances in technology to improve people's lives without necessarily exploiting poor nations