Which of the following is true regarding export regulations?

a) valid reasons for controlling the export of goods include national security, foreign policy, or short supply.

b) the U.S. has recently implemented a system of granting export licenses that is designed to differ from that used by the E.U.

c) only civil, not criminal, sanctions apply to those who violate export control regulations.

d) only governments, not individuals, are held liable when goods are exported that might be used for improper defense purposes.