Which of the following mechanisms for dealing with sovereign risk exposure change the fundamental nature of the FIs claim itself or remove it from the balance sheet EXCEPT?

a.

Bond-for-loan swaps (e.g.; Brady bonds).

b.

Debt-for-equity swaps.

c.

Multiyear restructuring of loans (MYRAs).

d.

Sale of LDC loans on the secondary market.

e.

Debt repudiation.