Which of the following models is NOT a market response model?

a$.$ A model shows how sales change after hiring a new batch of salespeople.

b$.$ A model demonstrates how sales change along with advertising efforts.

c$.$ A model demonstrates how sales evolves as new technology feature is implemented in the product.

d$.$ All of the listed options are market response models.

e$.$ A model shows the change in market share after the launch of a new product.