Which of the following phenomena would be a violation of the efficient market hypothesis?

a$.$

Companies registered on S&P $500$ which are profitable in a typical year are likely to be profitable the following year.

b$.$

Professionally managed mutual funds that are able to outperform the S&P $500$ in a typical year are likely to outperform in the following year.

c$.$

Stock price will immediately reflect newly available information about the company.

d$.$

Some money managers are able to outperform the market $($on a risk$-$adjusted basis$)$ in one in a typical year.

e$.$

Stock prices tend to be predictably more volatile in January than in other months.