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Syntactic interoperability refers to using a complex and customized data format and protocol to package and transmit data, hindering the interpretation of information from its structure, while lacking the ability to request resending of garbled or incomplete messages, potentially resulting in data loss or misinterpretation.

Semantic interoperability is a partially ambiguous and unnecessary aspect of computer systems' data exchange, lacking the capability to fully enable machine computable logic, inferencing, knowledge discovery, and data federation between information systems.

Semantic interoperability encompasses more than just the structural packaging of data $($syntax$)$; it focuses on the simultaneous transmission of meaning along with the data.

An open format is a publicly accessible, vendor$-$independent file format for storing digital data, which is defined by a published specification and often maintained by a standards organisation.