Which of the following situations is most likely to strengthen the yen's value against the dollar? Assume everything else is held constant.

a. a reduction in Japan's inflation accompanied by an increase in Japan's interest rates

b. an increase in U.S. inflation accompanied by no change in U.S. nominal interest rates

c. a reduction in U.S. inflation accompanied by an increase in U.S. interest rates

d. a reduction in U.S. inflation accompanied by an increase in Japan's inflation