Which of the following staements is correct?

a) In a capital budgeting analysis where part of the funds used to finance the project would be raised as debt, failure to include interest expense as a cost when determining the project's cash flows will lead to an upward bias in the NPV.

b) In a capital budgeting analysis where part of the funds used to finance the project would be raised as debt, failure to include interest expense as a cost when determining the project's cah flows will lead to a downward bias in the NPV.

c) The existence of any type of "externality" will reduce the calculated NPV versus the NPV that would exist without externality.

d) If one of the assests to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm, and if that asset could be sold or leased to another firm if the new project were not undertaken, then the net proceeds that could be obtained should be charged as a cost to the project under consideration.

e) If one of the assets to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm but is not being used, then any costs associated with that asset is a sunk cost and should be ignored.