Which of the following statements about risk is false?

Select one:

a.

Risk requires the possibility of at least one outcome less favorable than the expected value.

b.

Risk requires the possibility of more than one outcome.

c.

Risk is one of the determinants of the required return.

d.

Risk aversion generally is assumed in finance to be a characteristic of the "marginal investor."

e.

All of the above statements are true.