Which of the following statements does not accurately reflect the principle of the "Rule of Law"?

Select one:

a$.$

Laws must be created only in accordance with established and agreed upon procedures; laws cannot be created arbitrarily and without warning to the public.

b$.$

The rule of law provides a shield for individuals from arbitrary state action.

c$.$

The relationship between the state and the individual must be regulated by law.

d$.$

Laws do not have to be equally applied to both the lawmakers and ordinary citizens.