Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. The constant growth model is often appropriate for evaluating start-up companies that do not have a stable history of growth but are expected to reach stable growth within the next few years.

b. If a stock has a required rate of return is 12% and its dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5%, then the stocks dividend yield is also 5%.

c. The stock dividend valuation model can be used to value firms whose dividends are expected to decline at a constant rate, i.e., to grow at a negative rate.

d. The price of a stock is the present value of all expected future dividends, discounted at the dividend growth rate.