Which of the following statements is NOT an explanation for why service consumers are particularly vulnerable to ethical misconduct?

a$.$ Reward systems are often outcome$-$based as opposed to behavior$-$based.

b$.$ Services are often provided by boundary$-$spanning personnel.

c$.$ Other consumers are involved in the production process.

d$.$ Consumers are active participants in the production process.

e$.$ Variability in service performance is somewhat accepted.