Which of the following statements is NOT true

	a.	According to the Cisco case, in 2004 Boston stopped the proliferation of small projects by encouraging and rewarding business units that deployed their own systems.
	b.	The case about the ERP implementation at Cisco highlights that senior managers often resist implementation of large IT projects.
	c.	According to the Cisco case, one of the mistakes in Cisco's ERP implementation was that the system was not tested with a big enough database.
	d.	"shadow IT" efforts are projects undertaken by a business unit to adopt technology without the awareness or approval of the company's formal IT department