Which of the following statements is not true in distinguishing between criminal and civil actions for fraud?

Select one:

a. Criminal actions for fraud are brought by the government acting through the prosecutor’s office, whereas civil actions may be brought by private individuals or organizations, usually without the involvement or permission of the government or court.   

b. Criminal actions for fraud are subject to constitutional limitations, such as those in the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, and other procedural rules to protect the rights of the defendant. In general, these limitations do not apply to civil actions.

c. The burden of proof in a criminal fraud case is always beyond a reasonable doubt, whereas the burden of proof in a civil fraud case is usually a preponderance of the evidence.

d. Criminal actions for fraud may proceed in “parallel proceedings” whereas civil actions for fraud may not proceed in such proceedings.