Which of the following statements is TRUE about multinational corporations' intercompany fund flow?

Question $1$Answer

a$.$

An MNC can increase its after$-$tax profits by transferring its profits to higher marginal tax countries.

b$.$

Fees and royalties on intangible assets are standardized and easy to be objectively priced.

c$.$

An MNC often establishes a re$-$invoicing center in a lower tax rate nation.

d$.$

MNCs tend to shift liquidity to set a lower dividend payout rate for a subsidiary with a lower opportunity cost of fund.

e$.$

A decision of transfer pricing is not affected by tariff rates of the subsidiaries' country.