Which of the following would be a way to avoid the double taxation burden imposed on the profits of corporations?

a. Treat all corporations as passthrough entities for Federal tax purposes.

b. Pass tax legislation that would make dividends nontaxable to all of the corporation's shareholders.

c. Allow corporate shareholders a credit on their tax returns for the taxes paid by the corporation on the profits currently distributed to such shareholders as dividends.

d. All of these would avoid double taxation.

e. None of these would avoid double taxation.