Which of these is not a way that organizations can develop ways to become more innovative?

a$.$

Empowering and rewarding employees

b$.$

Punishing employees who fail and rewarding those who succeed

c$.$

Producing very strict policy & procedure handbooks

d$.$

Promote a culture that encourages risk$-$taking

e$.$

Spending money on research & development

f$.$

Hire creative and self$-$directed employees