While waiting in line at a coffee shop, Joe is staring down at his phone reading work emails. Tom walks into the shop and sees Joe. Upset that Joe stole what Tom believed was his rightful parking spot, Tom smacks Joe in the back of Joe's head and knocks Joe to the ground, causing him to break his nose. Joe's phone is not damaged.

If Joe wants to sue Tom, what is Joe's best cause of action?

Select one:

a.Trespass to chattels

b.Assault

c.Intentional infliction of emotional distress

d.Battery