Why is PAR% important to public health decisions - but not so important to clinical decisions?

What are some of the ways in which the PAR% for a given exposure might decrease?

What are some of the ways in which the PAR% for a given exposure might increase?

If removal of an exposure does not have the impact predicted by the AR or PAR what are some possible reasons?

Causation:

What is the difference between sufficient and necessary causes?

Give an example of a risk factor for heart disease that is neither sufficient nor necessary.

Give an example of a necessary cause (it can be for any disease).

Why is the idea of a "Sufficient component set of causes" important?

Can you think of an example of a complete sufficient set of causes for a particular disease?

If correlation doesn't mean there is causation, does causation mean there isn't correlation?

Can you think of an example where plausibility caused problems as the main criteria for causation?

What is in the health issues are in the news now where causation is a big issue?

What evidence is being used?

What evidence is lacking?

How could epidemiologic studies provide needed evidence?

Is it possible to "prove" causation without an RCT?

How does the wealth of biological tests possibly modify or add to how we think about causal evidence?

Why is it so hard for epidemiologists to prove there is NO association?