Write answers to each of the five (5) situations described below addressing the required criteria (i.e. 1 & 2) in each independent case. You may use a tabulated format if helpful having "Threats", "Safeguards" and "Objective Assessment" as column headings.

Mark Calaway has been appointed as a junior auditor of West Accounting Limited (WAL). One of his first tasks is to review the firm's audit clients to ensure that independence requirements of APES 110 (Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants) are being met. His review has revealed the following:

(a) WAL has been recently approached by Ultimate Sports Limited (USL) to conduct its audit. The accountant at USL, William Ferguson is the son of Sarah Ferguson, who is an audit partner at WAL. Sarah will not be involved with the USL audit.

(b) WAL has also recently been approached by Western Mining Limited (WML) to conduct its audit. The accountant at WML, Stephanie Gellar is the wife of David Gellar who is an audit partner at WAL. David has shown interest to lead the WML audit.

(c) WAL has performed the audit of Tasty Food Pty Ltd. (Tasty Food), a large proprietary company for the last two years. WAL has also been providing services related to the preparation of accounting records and financial statements for Tasty Food.

(d) James Grage CA is an assurance manager with WAL and it has just been decided to allocate him to the audit of Super Tech Limited (STL). His wife Anni Grage has recently received some inheritance from her grandfather with which she previously planned to buy a large parcel of shares in STL. James has recently informed Mark that he has been able to finally convince Anni to only buy a small parcel of shares in STL.

(e) Chris Henry CPA is a partner in WAL and has been recently assigned as the engagement partner on the audit of Osborne Grocers Limited (OGL). Charlotte Flair CA is another partner in WAL who works in the same office as Chris. Charlotte is not working on the OGL audit. Charlotte's husband Zack is planning on purchasing significant shares in OGL.

Required: For each of the independent situations above, and using the conceptual framework in APES 110 (Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants), answer the following questions:

1. Identify potential threat(s) to independence & recommend safeguards (if any) to reduce the independence threat(s) identified.

2. Provide an objective assessment of whether audit independence can be achieved.

Please use "Threats", "Safeguards" and "Objective Assessment" as column headings method.