Write brief of the review(refer picture below) that related to value creation during Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR).

3. Literature review 3.1 Urban solid waste management background Several studies have been conducted within USWM. Many of the papers tackled specific The framework emphasised recycling and examined the factors affecting the performance of issues within the waste management system. The mechanism to transport the waste was one the waste management system. Challenges associated with the stakeholders such as of the early papers that emerged within waste management (Truitt et al., 1969). Waste government at different levels, municipal agencies, NGOs, households, private cleaning management authorities conducted the types and quantities of waste generated in a specific companies, ministries of environment and health were identified. The authors identified the region and by different categories of income earners (Elsaid and Aghezzaf, 2015). Bertazzi issue of sustainable waste management strategy regarding waste producers' willingness to and Speranza (2012) studied modelling the waste management issue to express the economic pay for the waste produce and legislation concerning solid waste transfer and dumping. It is evaluation of the mechanism, including the gathering, transportation and discarding. Some germane and possibly lax in Nigeria's context. Guerrero et al (2013) identified the challenges scholars such as Bidart et al. (2013) and Melikoglu (2013) compared different recycling facing SWM in developing cities. Apart from being a review, the study excluded Nigeria. The echniques or energy recovery options, or different composting methodologies in their authors identified the issues in line with the classified process of the integrated sustainable papers. In the works of Eriksson and Bisaillon (2011) and Achillas et al. (2013), the authors waste management framework. They are generation and separation; collection, transfer and worked on the waste management system and how to make a decision concerning waste transport; treatment; disposal; and recycling. Some of the challenges identified for generation management. Table 1 shows the summary of identified issues facing households USWM in and separation include inadequate awareness campaigns, lack of community committee some developing cities. support and poor response to charges. Improper planning and bin collection, inconsistencies Elsaid and Aghezzf (2015) developed an integrated sustainable waste management in time and schedule of waste collection, bad roads and inadequate transportation facilities framework, focussing on achieving economic and environmental aspects of sustainability. were identified as the issues associated with the collection, transfer and transport. For treatment, the issues are inadequate infrastructure, absence of local knowledge on waste Use 4IR Technologies to Mitigate management and iadequate understanding of treatment systems by agencies. Insufficient Challenges Facing USWM Figure 1. Sustainable urban supply of containers and inefficiency in pricing the disposal was identified as the issues waste management facing the disposal phase of the integrated sustainable waste management. framework Last but not least of the phases is recycling. Guerrero et al. (2013) identified leakage in the organisation of the informal sector, promotion to recycling markets is inadequate and lack of professionalism in recycling firms as the issues surrounding the recycling phase of the integrated waste management system. Others are inadequate funding for recycling business, Challenge 1: Generation & Separation *Inadequate awareness campaigns nonavailability of low-cost recycling technologies, insufficient firms to support the collection *Lack of community support of recyclables and inadequate centres for drop off and buyback. Nnagi (2015) found *Poor response to charges *Inadequate waste pickers collection insufficient funding, inadequate manpower, insufficient equipment, insufficient dumping recyclables sites, bad street/road networks, inadequate maintenance of working equipment, lax guidelines and laws relating to SWM and weak collection technique and disposal as the Challenge 2: Collection. . Transfer. & major challenges confronting proficiency in USWM in Nigeria. The author claimed that Transport between 30 and 60% of wastes is not collected because of the inefficiencies in the system. This *Improper planning and bin collection *Inconsistencies in time and schedule of category of people adopts an unconventional approach to dispose of their waste. The current waste collection research will further study this category of problems, emphasising the role of 4IR *Bad roads/street technologies to mitigate the challenges confronting USWM in a low-income developing *Inadequate transportation facilities *Poor coordination of the informal sector setting like Nigeria. Challenge 3: Treatment *Inadequate infrastructure to treat waste Improved and Sustainable *Absence of local knowledge on waste Urban Households Solid Waste management Management System *Inadequate knowledge of treatment Perofrmance Across Nigeria's systems by agencies Cities Via 4IR Technologies Challenge 4: Final Disposal *Insufficient supply of disposal containers *Inefficiency in pricing the disposal *Absence of dumpsites in many cities *Inadequate management of few dumpsites Challenge 5: Recycling *Leakage in the organisation of the informal sector *Promotion recycling markets inadequate *Lack of professionalism in recycling firms *Inadequate funding for recycling business "Non-availability of low-cost recycling technologies *Insufficient firms to support collection of recyclables *Inadequate centres for drop off and buy back3.2 Fourth industrial revolution technologies background 3.3 4IR technologies role in USWM Recent studies (Schwab, 2016; Ayentimi and Burgess, 2018; Manda and Dhaou, 2019; Regarding the role 4IR can play to mitigating the challenges facing USWM, first, the paper Ebekozien and Aigbavboa, 2021) have proved the significance of 4IR technologies' identified the major 4IR technologies used in the construction sector. Ebekozien and importance and how they can be used to leverage development and drive economic and Aigbavboa (2021) categorised them into smart construction sites, simulation and modelling social growth across the globe. Today, the development of the 4IR technology is and digitisation and virtualisation. The technologies enlisted under smart construction sites comprehensive in tackling world challenges using artificial intelligence that involves are radio-frequency identification, modularisation, robotics, Internet of things (loT)/services, smart systems as likened to former industrial revolutions that were reinforced by mass automation, cyber-physical systems and human-computer interaction. Augumented reality, manufacture, transportation, speedy electricity consumption and communication expertise BIM and simulation models were identified as the technologies enlisted under simulation and consumption (Makridakis, 2017; Naude, 2017; World Economic Forum, 2017). Fascinatingly, modelling, while digitisation, cloud computing, big data, mobile computing and social media AIR has a variety of innovative technologies that are blending the digital and physical realms. were grouped under digitisation and virtualisation. Ayentimi and Burgess (2018) found that USWM is not exempted but literature is scarce regarding its role mitigating increasing the significance of the 4IR to sub-Saharan Africa cannot be over-emphasised. The authors challenges facing urban waste. It is one of the areas of deficit that this paper will address. It is agreed that the potential transformation of the technology to overcome present infrastructure also impacting positively on all disciplines and industries (Ayentimi and Burgess, 2018). shortfalls, including the challenges confronting the USWM, via the use of the innovative Schwab (2017) opined that the digital revolution of the 4IR challenge goes in-depth to technology cannot be under-estimated. The technology can impact all sectors, irrespective of represent how humans should perform in real life. Some scholars, such as the Department of their location. Khandare et al (2018) and Saranya and Vigneshwaran (2020) found that with Economic and Social Affairs (2017), Millington (2017), and Peters (2017), have recommended the help of a simulation model, robot and IOT, a smart dustbin can be developed and used in severe penalties of the 4IR in that the fresh wave of the digital revolution impends to allow smart cities for the collection of debris. The robot and IOT are components of the 4IR humans threatened species, disturbs job markets and contributes to rising income disparities technologies. It can help manage the waste and the dustbin made smart through the and joblessness. It has been projected that about one-quarter of the world's population under ultrasonic sensor systems. It will mitigate some of the challenges because debris and the age of 25 will be home in Africa by 2030. World Economic Forum (2017) claimed that the recycling pickup work are physically demanding, and it exposes waste manager staff to works that ought to be carried out by workers are diminishing with the assistant of robotics occupational hazards such as nail or piece of bottle injuries (Khandare et al., 2018). The 4IR and digital equipment. This claim is arguable and not within the scope of this paper. technology and digitalisation play a pertinent role in waste reduction via improving the city's In the context of this paper, Nigeria remains the giant of Africa. At the same time, Africa is USWM in terms of public participation in USW separation through the 5 Rs schemes. They the world's largest continent regarding many nations, with 54 nations (African Development are reduction, recycle, reuse, recovery and repair schemes solution (Kurniawan et al, 2021). Bank, 2016). It makes Nigeria's one of the major regions with important natural resources and The authors affirmed that if the target of the 5R recycling rate is to be achieved, incorporating human capital, like other developing countries across the globe. In several fora, 4IR has been digitisation into the USWM provides the city with a technology-driven waste solution. argued to drive the development of technologies to strengthen production growth in different The 4IR technologies may enhance the conversion of USW to energy generation. sectors (World Economic Forum, 2017). The USWM subsector is not exempted. To achieve this Amo-Asamoah et al. (2020) affirmed that the high cost of waste disposal now emphasis the task, Osabutey et al. (2014) and Lee et al (2018) found a wide range of variables as significant need to reduce, re-use, recycle and recover via the concept of the circular economy. The constructs influencing the rapidity of technological usage and transfer into an economy. concept is all about how to use generated household waste to alleviate the poor in the society. Hensengerth (2018) and Olawuyi (2018) identified empowering regulatory environment, social Ofori (2016) contended that gasification, combustion, landfill gas recovery and anaerobic and economic environment and cost as some of the variables that will influence the swiftness of digestion are generating energy from solid waste, while International Renewable Energy digital usage. In the opinion of Naude (2017), entrepreneurs are key stakeholders to drive Agency (2015) affirmed that combustion generates about 90% of biomass energy. digitalisation and innovation into the market for the growth of the sectors. This is missing in the Wijenayake et al. (2017) found that a smart robotic garbage bin can mitigate issues content of USWM and current literature, the waste managers have not invested enough in associated with improper garbage collection processes in Sri Lanka. It can be achieved USWM. This new technology (4IR technologies) is built on developing ICT competencies and because a smart robotic bin has smell control, IOT, human-machine interaction and bin space allows a mixture of computational power and new technologies (Makridakis, 2017). Schiuma managing. The smart bin automatically disposes of garbage once the garbage truck arrives. (2017) asserted that the mixture of computational power and new technologies could transform The GPS tracking system allows the position tracking faster. A confirmation signal is societal structures and the working environment. The author affirmed that the technology forwarded through the Bluetooth communication from the bin to the truck operator after the supports digitalisation and is transformative to drive automation and robotics, leading to the disposing. It is one of the ideal solutions to mitigate the garbage health-related challenges advantages of returns-to-scale. Also, the World Economic Forum (2016) is pioneers being faced by developing countries. The IOT, robots, GPS, amongst others, are components championing the 4IR highlight. It is because it will grow the competencies of artificial of the 4IR technologies. intelligence and robotics in all sectors, USWM inclusive