Y6

More than one billion persons are living in slum. With rapid urbanization it is expected that in the next two decades there will be nearly two billion new urban residents, 90% of them living in developing countries (World Bank, Addressing the Urbanization Challenge, 2013, cited in Todaro and Smith, 2015, p. 330)

(a) Many of the developing countries' urban areas have experienced dualistic development, where a modern formal sector exists alongside a large urban informal sector. What are the characteristics of urban informal sector jobs? State the government policies that can be used to promote employment and income in the urban areas.

(b) Describe and comment on each of the following:

(i) What are the characteristics of those who migrate to urban areas?

(ii) What positive and negative effects do rural emigrants have on those who remain in rural areas?

(iii) Discuss the four basic characteristics of Todaro's migration model. Explain some important policy measures that you would expect to reduce excessive rural-urban migration.