You also collect demographic information about the drivers in the survey. Consider the following table, showing driver age group by type of enforcement action:

	Driver Age (X)
Enforcement Action (Y)	16-24	25-44	45-64	65 or older	TOTALS
Ticket	268	357	446	713	1,784
Warning	241	157	525	126	1,049
No action	332	173	73	86	664
TOTALS	841	687	1,044	925	3,497
					Chi square = 760.69, df = 6, p < 0.001.

You are interested in the possible association between driver's age and type of enforcement action. Since this bivariate table is larger than 2 x 2, the measure phi is not appropriate. Instead, you use Cramr's V to assess the strength of the relationship. Calculate Cramr's V for this table. (Note:The value of chi square is provided for you in the table.)

Cramr's V =

This result indicates a relationship between driver's age and type of enforcement action.

Which of the following conclusions are valid from this analysis?Check all that apply.

There is a moderate association between the type of enforcement action at traffic stops and the age of the driver.

There is a moderate association between the type of enforcement action at traffic stops and driver perception of police behavior.

There is a strong association between the type of enforcement action at traffic stops and driver perception of police behavior.

The age of a driver affects the enforcement decision of police at traffic stops.