You are a health policy analyst working for the government of Technocratia. Its leaders are considering reforms to the country's health insurance policies, and are seeking your input. To combat the adverse selection in its health insurance market, Technocratia's government currently requires all of its residents to purchase health insurance. The penalties for not complying with the mandate are severe, so 100% of the population buys health insurance. For simplicity, in each of the following questions you can assume the following: ? the demand curve for health insurance is downward-sloping and crosses the AC curve at some point ? the demand curve represents residents' underlying willingness to pay for health insurance, without taking the penalties into account ? there are no fixed costs ? there is only one health insurance plan, which must be offered to all residents at the same competitive market price (i.e. P = AC at any given quantity). Hint: When thinking about how to construct this problem graphically, refer to the graphs on the Week 11 slides for guidance, keeping in mind that "Qmax" = 100% in this case.

a) Although the entire population is currently insured, it is estimated that only 75% of the population actually values the health insurance at or above its current market price. Draw a graph of this insurance market, including the marginal cost (MC), average cost (AC) and demand (D) curves, assuming adverse selection. Label the axes, curves, price (Pa) and quantity (Qa) of insurance currently purchased.

b) Technocratia's leaders are considering whether its insurance requirement should be repealed, allowing individuals to choose whether or not to buy health insurance. Add labels to your graph from part a) indicating the new equilibrium price (Pb) and quantity (Qb) of insurance that would be purchased if the repeal takes place.

c) Is the equilibrium price in b) lower or higher than in a)? Briefly explain why your conclusion is implied by adverse selection.

d) Now suppose instead that there is in fact no adverse selection in Technocratia's insurance market - that is, the cost of providing coverage is unrelated to individuals' willingness to pay for coverage. Assuming again that there is no mandate in place and all other facts about this market remain the same (including the average cost of when the entire population is insured), amend the cost curves in your graph from part b) to reflect a lack of adverse selection in this market, but leave your labels Qa, Qb, Pa, and Pb in place for reference. Label the new equilibrium price (Pd) and quantity (Qd), as well as the new AC/MC curve(s). [5 points] Hint: if the cost of coverage is unrelated to individuals' willingness to pay, then the marginal cost of providing insurance is the same at all quantities

e) Qd is equal to what percentage of the population? Explain in words how you determined this.

f) Are consumers as a whole better off in a) or d)? Explain.

g) Now suppose that a researcher in Technocratia finds that obtaining health insurance coverage generates a positive externality because it increases vaccination rates among enrollees, which lowers the infectious disease burden for residents as a whole. Could this change your answer to f)? Explain.

require to develop a graph as below (a reference) based on the above questions.

Price Peqm Peff A B MC curve Demand curve C Qeqm Quantity AC curve E Qeff G H Qmax