You are an intern with Washington state's Office of Financial Management. One of their current projects is how food stamp program participation affects the state budget. Food stamps, now officially called Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), are 100% funded by the federal government, but the state has to pay 50% of the administrative costs and recipients' school-age children automatically qualify for free school lunch program and free school breakfast. As part of the project, your boss asks you to look at how unemployment affects the use of the food stamp program (FSP). You have found yearly data on states' food stamp program participation and unemployment from 1988 to 2007. To help you, your boss has outlined the steps you need to go through.

The problem sets provide you opportunities to apply the statistical concept to real-world applications that emphasize why we care about this. You also have a chance to use statistical software to handle data and interpret results.

Q1) A 1 (one) percentage point increase in a state's food stamp program participation is equal to a change of [ Select ] ["0.001", "1.0", "0.01", "0.1"] in the variable"fsp.rate".

Q2)Do descriptive statistics on the state unemployment rate (unempr). This tells you that the average percent unemployment in the data is approximately:

Group of answer choices

0.0051%

51%

0.51%

5.1%

0.051%

Q3)Your descriptive statistics on the state food stamp program participation rate (fsp.rate) tells you that the average percent of the population that are on food stamps equals approximately

Group of answer choices

21.7%

0.83%

8.3%

0.083%

28.9%

st.tips name year unempr i.fsp.tot dod fsp.rate 1 Alabama 1988 0.06916667 430813.00 4024207.0 0. 10705538 N 1 Alabama 1989 0.06616667 439011.67 4032892.2 0. 10885777 4056363.2 W Alabama 1990 0.06333333 462040.08 0.11390501 A 1 Alabama 1991 0.06875000 518510.42 4104164.5 0.12633763 UT 1 Alabama 1992 0.06883334 555733.83 4159433.8 0.13360804 1 Alabama 1993 0.06625000 560002.42 4216965.5 0. 13279748 Alabama 1994 0.05383333 541856.00 4262560.0 0. 12711985 8 1 Alabama 1995 0.05225000 518115.83 4299487.5 0. 12050641 9 1 Alabama 1996 0.04491667 505773.50 4334361.0 0.11668929 10 1 Alabama 1997 0.04441667 455508.33 4370991.5 0. 10421167 11 1 Alabama 1998 0.03883334 420037.17 4405962.0 0.09533381 12 1 Alabama 1999 0.04275000 401857.75 443 1643.0 0.09067918 13 1 Alabama 2000 0.04066667 397705.75 4451828.5 0.08933537 14 1 Alabama 2001 0.04691667 418376.42 4463112.0 0.09374096 15 Alabama 2002 0.05350000 450824.83 4472024.5 0. 10081001 16 1 Alabama 2003 0.05450000 479744.33 44885 10.0 0. 10688276 17 1 Alabama 2004 0.05100000 512045.00 4509948.5 0.11353678 18 1 Alabama 2005 0.03866667 563702.75 4542968.0 0.12408248 19 1 Alabama 2006 0.03516667 540792.92 4589967.0 0.11782066 20 1 Alabama 2007 0.03470000 545709.40 4626255.5 0. 11795920 21 2 Alaska 1988 0.08741666 24823.00 542605.3 0.04574780 22 2 Alaska 1989 0.06933333 25718.08 547744.3 0.04695272 23 2 Alaska 1990 0.07058334 25684.50 555514.3 0.04623553 24 2 Alaska 1991 0.08266667 32205.42 571864.3 0.05631654 25 2 Alaska 1992 0.08950000 39186.92 589033.2 0.06652752\f\f\f100 6 California 2007 0.05320000 2063693.30 36388704.0 0.05671247 101 8 Colorado 1988 0.06408333 205891.33 3264296.2 0.06307372 102 8 Colorado 1989 0.05616667 212501.67 3279847.2 0.06479011 103 8 Colorado 1990 0.05141667 226673.33 3317855.2 0.06831924 104 8 Colorado 1991 0.05450000 245118.75 3398407.5 0.07212754 105 8 Colorado 1992 0.06008333 264484.42 3506436.8 0.07542825 106 8 Colorado 1993 0.05300000 272943.33 3622379.8 0.07534917 107 8 Colorado 1994 0.04291667 265136.17 3732104.8 0.07104199 108 8 Colorado 1995 0.04016667 247894.33 3833736.8 0.06466128 109 8 Colorado 1996 0.04216667 240771.75 3928545.5 0.06128776 110 8 Colorado 1997 0.03400000 208893.83 4026490.2 0.05187988 111 8 Colorado 1998 0.03516667 186290.00 4126592.2 0.04514379 112 8 Colorado 1999 0.03041667 169105.50 4233924.5 0.03994060 113 8 Colorado 2000 0.02741667 153268.08 4336644.5 0.03534255 114 8 Colorado 2001 0.03825000 158617.83 4435361.0 0.03576210 115 8 Colorado 2002 0.05675000 184631.00 4504947.5 0.04098405 116 8 Colorado 2003 0.06141667 217686.42 4553144.5 0.04781013 117 8 Colorado 2004 0.05600000 246241.92 4606106.0 0.05345989 118 8 Colorado 2005 0.05141667 243074.58 4672104.0 0.05202679 119 8 Colorado 2006 0.04350000 254650.17 4759275.0 0.05350608 120 8 Colorado 2007 0.03770000 249746.20 4843262.0 0.05156570 121 9 Connecticut 1988 0.02858333 109175.00 3271906.5 0.03336740 122 9 Connecticut 1989 0.03625000 116597.67 3283898.5 0.03550587 123 9 Connecticut 1990 0.04925000 141577.50 3293054.2 0.04299276 124 9 Connecticut 1991 0.06541666 181611.75 3301719.0 0.05500521\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f\f485 28 Mississippi 1992 0.08333334 537921.75 2626830.0 0.20477980 486 28 Mississippi 1993 0.06966667 533255.42 2658113.8 0.20061421 487 28 Mississippi 1994 0.06650000 501923.83 2691780.8 0. 18646535 488 28 Mississippi 1995 0.06541666 474117.00 2724154.0 0. 17404193 489 28 Mississippi 1996 0.06283333 447404.33 2750757.8 0. 16264766 490 28 Mississippi 1997 0.06041667 380135.25 2779240.8 0. 13677666 491 28 Mississippi 1998 0.05441667 316576.83 2806476.0 0.11280226 492 28 Mississippi 1999 0.05266666 283281.50 2829785.8 0. 10010705 493 28 Mississippi 2000 0.05633333 278606.42 2847545.2 0.09784091 494 28 Mississippi 2001 0.05583333 305318.25 2853485.5 0. 10699835 195 28 Mississippi 2002 0.06716667 330081.92 2859021.5 0. 11545276 496 28 Mississippi 2003 0.06400000 363534.67 2868898.5 0. 12671576 497 28 Mississippi 2004 0.06358334 379239.00 2885408.0 0. 13143341 498 28 Mississippi 2005 0.07775000 481113.00 2896941.5 0. 16607618 499 28 Mississippi 2006 0.06750000 411646.67 2900695.5 0. 14191309 500 28 Mississippi 2007 0.06380000 427987.50 2920420.0 0.14654998 501 29 Missouri 1988 0.05583333 396109.67 5082084.0 0.07794237 502 29 Missouri 1989 0.05458333 409205.17 5100029.0 0.08023585 503 29 Missouri 1990 0.05775000 442295.50 5133045.5 0.08616629 504 29 Missouri 1991 0.06533334 507481.67 5174990.5 0.09806427 505 29 Missouri 1992 0.06000000 560548.92 5222195.5 0. 10733970 506 29 Missouri 1993 0.06141667 594928.75 5275561.5 0.11277070 507 29 Missouri 1994 0.04941667 591089.92 5329006.0 0. 11091936 508 29 Missouri 1995 0.04691667 574213.08 5382654.0 0. 10667843 509 29 Missouri 1996 0.04691667 540682.58 5435412.5 0.09947407\f\f\f587 33 New Hampshire 1994 0.04750000 61308.42 1143954.1 0.05359342 588 New Hampshire 1995 0.04000000 56951.42 1159155.6 0.04913181 589 33 New Hampshire 1996 0.03700000 51430.17 1175759.6 0.04374208 590 33 New Hampshire 1997 0.03150000 44278.83 1 190938.0 0.03717980 591 33 New Hampshire 1998 0.02875000 38757.75 1207244.2 0.03210432 592 33 New Hampshire 1999 0.02750000 37140.58 1223714.2 0.03035070 593 New Hampshire 2000 0.02691667 35849.67 1241559.6 0.02887470 594 33 New Hampshire 2001 0.03433333 36579.67 1257634.6 0.02908609 595 33 New Hampshire 2002 0.04541667 42019.83 1271316.0 0.03305223 596 33 New Hampshire 2003 0.04466667 45497.67 1282178.9 0.03548465 597 33 New Hampshire 2004 0.03883334 49619.17 1292592.4 0.03838733 598 33 New Hampshire 2005 0.03633333 53453.58 1301209.5 0.04107992 599 New Hampshire 2006 0.03533334 56958.00 1308741.6 0.04352120 600 33 New Hampshire 2007 0.03620000 59689.40 1312267.0 0.04548571 601 34 New Jersey 1988 0.03816 354410.00 7711369.0 0.04595941 602 34 New Jersey 1989 0.04108333 356336.83 7730909.0 0.04609249 603 34 New Jersey 1990 0.05091666 395846.17 7768394.5 0.05095598 604 34 New Jersey 1991 0.06766666 452745.58 7821231.5 0.05788674 605 34 New Jersey 1992 0.08458333 508804.08 7886405.0 0.06451660 606 34 New Jersey 1993 0.07616667 538328.08 7954137.0 0.06767900 607 34 New Jersey 1994 0.06816667 549801.92 8020321.0 0.06855111 608 34 New Jersey 1995 0.06450000 549313.33 8088576.0 0.06791224 609 34 New Jersey 1996 0.06175000 532481.67 8155579.5 0.06529047 610 34 New Jersey 1997 0.053 16667 474167.33 8224479.5 0.05765317 611 34 New Jersey 1998 0.04600000 412327.50 8293701.0 0.04971574612 34 New Jersey 1999 0.04475000 3/6173.42 8365470.0 0.04496740 613 34 New Jersey 2000 0.03675000 335417.75 8435061.0 0.0397647 614 34 New Jersey 2001 0.04300000 315736.00 8495376.0 0.03716563 615 34 New Jersey 2002 0.05800000 322523.17 8549836.0 0.03772273 616 34 New Jersey 2003 0.05850000 346546.17 8591333.0 0.04033672 617 34 New Jersey 2004 0.04925000 375927.25 8620614.0 0.04360794 618 34 New Jersey 2005 0.04500000 397185.67 8634489.0 0.04599990 619 34 New Jersey 2006 0.04650000 406925.00 8641851.0 0.04708771 620 34 New Jersey 2007 0.04290000 416948.90 8654636.0 0.04817636 621 35 New Mexico 1988 0.07583334 148984.33 1491597.5 0.09988239 622 35 New Mexico 1989 0.06725000 150959.67 1505684.9 0. 10025980 623 35 New Mexico 1990 0.06766666 162520.17 1525602.0 0. 10652855 624 35 New Mexico 1991 0.07150000 196600.42 1559133.6 0. 12609594 625 35 New Mexico 1992 0.07475000 229106.75 1598926.0 0.14328790 626 35 New Mexico 1993 0.07266667 244959.50 1640654.9 0. 14930592 627 35 New Mexico 1994 0.06633333 243778.08 1684962.5 0. 14467864 628 35 New Mexico 1995 0.06758334 237646.17 1722595.1 0.13795823 629 35 New Mexico 1996 0.07516667 232032.25 1753489.5 0.13232599 630 35 New Mexico 1997 0.06575000 191093.00 1776101.1 0. 10759129 631 35 New Mexico 1998 0.06233333 179819.33 1794393.8 0. 10021175 632 35 New Mexico 1999 0.05583333 176807.25 1808983.0 0.09773848 633 35 New Mexico 2000 0.04958333 167622.75 1820958.9 0.09205192 634 35 New Mexico 2001 0.04941667 163004.50 1831037.8 0.08902302 635 35 New Mexico 2002 0.05541667 176055.83 1850431.9 0.09514310 636 35 New Mexico 2003 0.05933333 200681.33 1869872.9 0. 10732352\f\f\f\f\f\f\f812 45 South Carolina 1999 0.04075000 303558.17 3978233.5 0.07630476 813 45 South Carolina 2000 0.03591667 295932.42 4025823.5 0.07350855 814 45 South Carolina 2001 0.05200000 330290.92 4065352.8 0.08124533 815 45 South Carolina 2002 0.05933333 396855.08 4105709.5 0.09665932 816 45 South Carolina 2003 0.06658334 464865.08 4148789.8 0. 11204836 817 45 South Carolina 2004 0.06816667 504216.92 4201123.0 0. 12001956 818 45 South Carolina 2005 0.06741667 526158.33 4257401.0 0. 12358674 819 45 South Carolina 2006 0.06358334 536481.33 4331832.0 0. 12384629 820 45 South Carolina 2007 0.05790000 547380.40 4404438.0 0. 12427928 821 6 South Dakota 1988 0.04175000 49566.67 697765.2 0.07103632 822 46 South Dakota 1989 0.03991667 50175.00 696873.2 0.07200019 823 46 South Dakota 1990 0.03758333 50675.00 698116.6 0.07258817 824 46 South Dakota 1991 0.03608333 52900.00 704623.6 0.07507554 825 46 South Dakota 1992 0.03550000 55174.17 713597.8 0.07731830 826 46 South Dakota 1993 0.03591667 55525.00 722824.8 0.07681668 827 46 South Dakota 1994 0.03366667 52558.33 731273.2 0.07187236 828 46 South Dakota 1995 0.03250000 49817.17 738068.3 0.06749669 829 46 South Dakota 1996 0.03408333 48467.92 742209.1 0.06530225 830 46 South Dakota 1997 0.03050000 46168.83 744364.0 0.06202454 831 46 South Dakota 1998 0.02966667 44963.42 746612.7 0.06022321 832 6 South Dakota 1999 0.02816667 43766.92 750917.6 0.05828458 833 46 South Dakota 2000 0.02683333 43003.75 755745.1 0.05690246 834 6 South Dakota 2001 0.03133333 45245.08 758951.5 0.05961525 835 46 South Dakota 2002 0.03333334 48497.92 762233.6 0.06362606 836 46 South Dakota 2003 0.03525000 51953.17 767210.0 0.06771701837 46 South Dakota 2004 0.03675000 53995.58 773918.6 0.06976908 838 46 South Dakota 2005 0.03650000 56908.17 780159.8 0.07294425 839 46 South Dakota 2006 0.03075000 58724.42 788089.6 0.07451490 840 46 South Dakota 2007 0.02980000 60646.30 795705.0 0.07621706 841 47 Tennessee 1988 0.05850000 493405.33 4824537.0 0. 10226998 842 47 Tennessee 1989 0.05225000 503259.25 4858383.5 0. 10358574 843 47 Tennessee 1990 0.05483333 541854.58 4902927.5 0.11051654 844 47 Tennessee 1991 0.06566667 631487.83 4974355.0 0. 12694868 845 47 Tennessee 1992 0.06558333 724231.17 5057419.5 0.14320172 846 47 Tennessee 1993 0.05975000 774011.25 5145861.5 0. 15041432 847 47 Tennessee 1994 0.05100000 716157.75 5239520.5 0. 13668384 848 47 Tennessee 1995 0.05291667 650931.00 5333974.0 0. 12203490 849 47 Tennessee 1996 0.05341667 632721.33 5422985.5 0.11667398 850 47 Tennessee 1997 0.05333333 569074.25 5504240.0 0.10338834 851 47 Tennessee 1998 0.04508333 531064.33 5575602.0 0.09524789 852 47 Tennessee 1999 0.04108333 505075.58 5643747.5 0.08949295 853 47 Tennessee 2000 0.04016667 498240.08 5706233.0 0.08731506 854 47 Tennessee 2001 0.04708333 535911.67 5756932.0 0.09308980 855 47 Tennessee 2002 0.05316667 626436.08 5803667.5 0. 10793797 856 47 Tennessee 2003 0.05691667 756028.83 5854867.0 0. 12912826 857 47 Tennessee 2004 0.05450000 820693.00 5914725.0 0.13875420 858 47 Tennessee 2005 0.05575000 859605.83 5990970.0 0. 14348358 859 47 Tennessee 2006 0.05133333 865473.25 6074715.0 0.14247142 860 47 Tennessee 2007 0.04640000 867792.20 6147747.0 0. 14115614 861 48 Texas 1988 0.07400000 1561172.00 16685834.0 0.09356272\f\f911 50 Vermont 1998 0.03108333 44582.75 600855.0 0.07419885 912 50 Vermont 1999 0.02941667 43485.58 605186.1 0.07185490 913 50 Vermont 2000 0.02691667 40069.75 609841.0 0.06570524 914 50 Vermont 2001 0.03266667 38979.00 612416.9 0.06364781 915 Vermont 2002 0.04025000 40188.17 615048.6 0.06534145 916 50 Vermont 2003 0.04475000 41674.08 616846.3 0.06755991 917 50 Vermont 2004 0.03691667 43593.50 618434.7 0.07049006 918 50 Vermont 2005 0.03483333 45680.33 619361.8 0.07375387 919 50 Vermont 2006 0.03708333 48981.92 620213.9 0.07897584 920 50 Vermont 2007 0.03950000 53013.30 620744.0 0.08540284 921 1 Virginia 1988 0.03975000 328292.00 6042238.0 0.05433285 922 51 Virginia 1989 0.03900000 332933.00 6129305.5 0.05431823 923 51 Virginia 1990 0.04450000 360077.67 6222979.0 0.05786259 924 51 Virginia 1991 0.05883333 433783.33 6312821.0 0.06871466 925 51 Virginia 1992 0.06150000 508666.50 6420905.5 0.07922037 926 51 Virginia 1993 0.05175000 538217.33 6515695.5 0.08260321 927 51 Virginia 1994 0.04708333 549019.17 6599151.0 0.08319543 928 51 Virginia 1995 0.04466667 546409.08 6677574.0 0.08182748 929 51 Virginia 1996 0.04366667 529167.08 6757265.0 0.07831084 930 51 Virginia 1997 0.03675000 453092.25 6834662.5 0.06629329 931 51 Virginia 1998 0.02850000 384776.75 6911272.5 0.05567379 932 51 Virginia 1999 0.02683333 355203.00 7009228.0 0.05067648 933 51 Virginia 2000 0.02266667 332788.67 7109809.0 0.04680698 934 51 Virginia 2001 0.03216667 335466.08 7195981.0 0.04661853 935 51 Virginia 2002 0.04183333 358953.08 7283843.5 0.04928073\f\f986 55 Wisconsin 1993 0.045 16667 335954.33 5088142.5 0.06602691 987 55 Wisconsin 1994 0.04308333 329030.83 5138120.0 0.06403720 988 55 Wisconsin 1995 0.03750000 313425.92 5188145.0 0.06041194 989 55 Wisconsin 1996 0.03625000 270805.08 5232330.0 0.05175612 990 55 Wisconsin 1997 0.03491667 220460.17 5268472.0 0.04184518 991 55 Wisconsin 1998 0.03275000 187728.08 5300856.0 0.03541467 992 55 Wisconsin 1999 0.03075000 182288.42 5336611.5 0.03415808 993 55 Wisconsin 2000 0.03391667 198124.67 5376389.5 0.03685088 994 55 Wisconsin 2001 0.04400000 227393.08 5411308.0 0.04202183 995 55 Wisconsin 2002 0.05300000 270521.33 5446595.0 0.04966797 996 55 Wisconsin 2003 0.05641667 305250.75 5477586.0 0.05572724 997 55 Wisconsin 2004 0.05050000 328598.83 5510957.0 0.05962646 998 55 Wisconsin 2005 0.04833333 352250.00 5541257.5 0.06356861 999 55 Wisconsin 2006 0.04741667 371574.92 5571090.5 0.06669698 1000 55 Wisconsin 2007 0.04990000 385772.90 5598775.5 0.06890308 1001 56 Wyoming 1988 0.06591666 25539.67 464932.4 0.05493200 1002 56 Wyoming 1989 0.06333333 27517.08 458136.7 0.06006305 1003 56 Wyoming 1990 0.053 16667 28708.83 454929.2 0.06310615 1004 56 Wyoming 1991 0.05091666 31635.33 459949.7 0.06877999 1005 56 Wyoming 1992 0.05683333 33765.75 466809.8 0.07233299 1006 56 Wyoming 1993 0.05541667 34030.33 473710.2 0.07183788 1007 56 Wyoming 1994 0.05050000 34299.25 480513.7 0.07138038 1008 56 Wyoming 1995 0.04883333 33374.58 485266.9 0.06877573 1009 56 Wyoming 1996 0.05175000 32447.75 488142.6 0.06647187 1010 56 Wyoming 1997 0.04808334 27433.33 489566.5 0.05603597Wisconsin 328598.65 998 55 Wisconsin 2005 0.04833333 352250.00 5541257.5 0.06356861 999 55 Wisconsin 2006 0.04741667 371574.92 5571090.5 0.06669698 1000 55 Wisconsin 2007 0.04990000 385772.90 5598775.5 0.06890308 1001 56 Wyoming 1988 0.06591666 25539.67 464932.4 0.05493200 1002 56 Wyoming 1989 0.06333333 27517.08 458136.7 0.06006305 1003 56 Wyoming 1990 0.05316667 28708.83 454929.2 0.06310615 1004 56 Wyoming 1991 0.05091666 31635.33 459949.7 0.06877999 1005 56 Wyoming 1992 0.05683333 33765.75 466809.8 0.07233299 1006 56 Wyoming 1993 0.05541667 34030.33 473710.2 0.07183788 1007 56 Wyoming 1994 0.05050000 34299.25 480513.7 0.07138038 1008 56 Wyoming 1995 0.04883333 33374.58 485266.9 0.06877573 1009 56 Wyoming 1996 0.05175000 32447.75 488142.6 0.06647187 1010 56 Wyoming 1997 0.04808334 27433.33 489566.5 0.05603597 1011 56 Wyoming 1998 0.04925000 25001.00 490841.6 0.05093497 1012 56 Wyoming 1999 0.04850000 23069.83 492050.2 0.04688512 1013 56 Wyoming 2000 0.03825000 22494.75 493631.4 0.04556993 1014 56 Wyoming 2001 0.03891667 22525.67 493648.4 0.04563099 1015 56 Wyoming 2002 0.04166667 24133.67 496996.1 0.04855907 1016 56 Wyoming 2003 0.04458334 25524.00 499497.4 0.05109936 1017 56 Wyoming 2004 0.03933333 25696.50 503039.3 0.05108248 1018 56 Wyoming 2005 0.03733333 25258.33 506809.7 0.04983791 1019 56 Wyoming 2006 0.03291667 23759.92 513775.2 0.04624575 1020 56 Wyoming 2007 0.02970000 22469.40 523138.0 0.04295119