You are examining the impact of accruals on the financial statements of two pharmaceutical companies, Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer Inc., for the fiscal year 2023.

Requirements:

1. Johnson & Johnson reported net income of $15 billion and cash flow from operations of $20 billion for the fiscal year 2023. Pfizer reported net income of $10 billion and cash flow from operations of $12 billion during the same period.
2. Calculate the accruals for both Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer.
3. Analyze and discuss the impact of accruals on the profitability and liquidity metrics of Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer, considering their financial performance and cash flow dynamics.