You are interested in assessing the relationship between caffeine intake and risk of Parkinson's disease. You decide to use data from the Nurse's Health Study (NHS) to investigate. The NHS has collected nutritional data every 4 year since 1986 (baseline) and data on Parkinson's Disease every 2 years (data is available through 2012, the end of follow-up). Nurses remain eligible for your study as long as they remain alive, at risk of Parkinson's disease, and under follow-up. After excluding those who developed Parkinson's prior to 1986, there are 103,247 women eligible for your study.

You are analyzing the output of your Cox model. The hazard ratio comparing the hazard of Parkinson's disease among women in the highest v. lowest quintile of caffeine intake is 0.61 (p=0.0078). What does this p-value represent?

Group of answer choices

A) The probability that the null hypothesis of no effect is false

B) The probability of the observed result or something more extreme given that the null hypothesis is true

C) The probability that there is an association between caffeine intake and the hazard rate of Parkinson's disease

D) The probability of the observed result or something more extreme given that the alternative hypothesis is true