You are reading a case involving alleged discrimination by the federal government on the basis of gender. Which of the following phrases or citations would you be surprised to see in the section of the opinion containing the holding?

a) "Bolling v. Sharpe makes clear that the commands of equal protection apply as much to the federal government as to the states."

b) "Before we can accept the federal government's gender discrimination, we prefer to see an 'exceedingly persuasive justification' for its actions."

c) "Discrimination against men can hardly be judged by the same constitutional standards as discrimination against women; the latter have been treated harshly by the law at least as far back as Bradwell v. Illinois"

d) "We use intermediate scrutiny."

e) "The government must show its rulefurthers an importantgovernment interest. Itmust do so bymeans that are substantially related to that interest."