You collect the data and find the following frequencies:The Observed Frequencies: Perceived Masculinity By Facial Contrast for 120 Faces

Facial Contrast

Perceived Masculinity	High Contrast	Low Contrast	Totals
Low Masculinity	45	21	66
High Masculinity	19	35	54
Total	64	56	120

Look at the observed results and compare them to the expected results. For example, focus on the cell for high masculinity and low contrast. For the cell for high masculinity and low contrast, the observed frequency is (less than, equal to, greater than?) the expected frequency.

If the null hypothesis is true and the variables are independent, then there should be (little, a large?) difference between the expected and observed frequencies.

When there is a difference, the question becomes: Is this difference statistically significant? In the exercises that follow, you will learn how to calculate and use the chi square statistic to evaluate the significance of the difference.