You have noticed that your work colleague, John, has been doing a lot of filtering. While you are trying to explain this concept to John, he asked if you can provide him an example of filtering. Which of the following would best describe filtering?

a. The manager confused her secretary

b. Dick misunderstood his boss's email

c. all of the options provided

d. Phil sent an email directly to the Vice President to explain what is being done about recent sexual harassment claims

e. Sue didn't tell her employees about their impending layoffs