You may be familiar with the Lord of the Rings and Hobbit books by J. R. R. Tolkien. What most people do not know is that the books were written around the languages that Tolkien created and not the other way around. He was passionate about language and created the world of Middle Earth to feature the languages he created. These languages include Quenya and Sindarin which were spoken by the elves. When we encounter a new language, we may not have a readymade grammar to consult, but rather need to listen and gather information on how to analyse it. For this learning activity, we will analyse the phonology and morphology of Quenya as an exercise in linguistics and answer some questions. These are the phonemes of Quenya. Labial Alveol Palata Velar Glottal ar Nasal m n n (ng) Plosiv p b t d k g e Fricati V S X h ve Trill Semiv W y owe Lateral In Quenya, syllable stress is predictable. This means that the meaning of words does not change depending on which syllable is stressed. Quenya allows only the following consonant clusters as syllable onsets: x, ps, ty, ny, ly, kw, nw. Below are a few words with different morphological constructs and their meaning. cirya ship ondo stone cas head ciryo of the ship ondo of the stone caro of the head ciryanen with the ship ondoinen with the stone carinen with the head ciryas in the ship ondos in the stone cas in the head ciryava ship-like ondova stone-like carwa head-like Read the descriptions and then the questions (given in bold). Then answer them in a paragraph (between 100-150 words) on the discussion forum. 1. What phonemes from English are missing in Quenya? Write them not as symbols but as descriptions based on their place and manner of articulation. 2. It is mentioned that words do not change their meaning in Quenya based on stress. What kind of isochrony does Quenya not have? Give at least two words in English that change their meaning based on stress and write them as meaningful sentences. 3. Quenya does not allow certain consonants in its syllable onset. Which consonant clusters in English are not allowed in Quenya? Give three examples. Which cluster(s) in Quenya are also found in English? 4. Based on the examples of Quenya words you have seen, what is Quenya's morphological type? Explain why you think this is the case? What other two languages can you give as examples of the same morphological type