Your findings and ideas will certainly help me broaden my view of this P.D. Concept.. policies, usefulness etc..

Dr Sowell states "In short, the costs of translating subjective attitudes, such as bias or prejudice, into overt acts of discrimination cannot be overlooked when seeking to explain why discrimination is often so much greater in some situations than in others. Different situations have different costs." 1. In Philadelphia, government contracts with local trade unions. The trade union have been continually criticized for excluding workers of color, How would Dr. Sowell argue that the prevailing wage (essentially, wages higher than the market wage; a union imposed minimum wage) clauses in union contracts make it easier for unions to discrimination? 2. Pretend you have been hired by the Mayor's Office to increase the number of non-white workers on city contracts. How might you be able to change the incentives faced by labor unions to increase the costs of discrimination to employers? 1. In the admission process to Ivy League Colleges, Affirmative Action guidelines change the makeup of the pool of accepted students. More than 60 Asian American groups have filed a lawsuit against Harvard University saying they were unfairly excluded from the admission process because of their race. While we cannot measure the bias that may or may not un arlie the admissions staff, we can examine outcomes. One study shows that, absent Affirmative Action policies (policies which set quotas or goals for individual groups admittance based on race or gender), admission rates for Asian Americans would increase. Here's an excerpt: "Another Espenshade study, this one with Chang Chung, a senior staff member in Princeton's Office of Population Research, looked at data from elite colleges to see what would happen if race and ethnicity were eliminated from consideration. The study appeared in Social Science Quarterly in 2005. The study found that, without affirmative action, the acceptance rate for African-American candidates at elite colleges would be likely to fall by nearly two-thirds, from 33.7 percent to 12.2 percent, while the acceptance rate for Hispanic applicants probably would be cut in half, from 26.8 percent to 12.9 percent. White applicants would have seen little change in this analysis. Their admission rate would rise slightly, to 24.3 percent, from 23.8 percent. The big gains would be for Asian applicants. Their admission rate in a race-neutral system would go to 23.4 percent, from 17.6 percent. And their share of a class of admitted students would rise to 31.5 percent, from 23.7 percent." Assume you are a benevolent regulator and you want to make your constituents happy. What would you do to improve the situation for Asian Americans? 4. Of the several examples in the reading, which example stands out to you as the best example of a situation or policy changing the cost of discrimination to the perpetrators? dmissions/article/2017 data-and-arguments