Zooland Ltd. owned and operated a large zoo and entertainment complex in Niagara Falls. One of their most popular attractions was an outdoor stage show featuring the Magnificent Ernie and his trained bear "Bert". Ernie and Bert performed a number of tricks, with a finale where Ernie would wrestle Bert, ultimately causing Bert to "tap out" with his paw, signalling victory to Ernie.

The tickets to the show included the following warning on the reverse side:

"WARNING - patrons are warned that the show that they are about to see involves the use of wild, unrestrained animals. These animals are unpredictable and accidents will happen. The ticket holder hereby releases Zooland Ltd. from all liability for any injury sustained while viewing this show."

Initially, when training Bert, Ernie had employed 3 trainers and a number of harnesses and restraints to ensure that Bert was totally controlled and no threat to Ernie. As the training progressed, Ernie felt that the restraints were unnecessary and detracted from the show. Ernie and Bert worked for 3 months with no restraints.

On July 1st, Ernie decided to introduce a new wrinkle to the show. During the wrestling match, following a particularly vicious "attack" by Bert, Ernie's arm flew into the audience. "Blood" spouted everywhere and it appeared that Ernie had lost his arm to the savage Bert.

Ernie had told no one of his plans to introduce the fake arm and blood to the show. Bert's trainers, thinking that Ernie was injured, quickly advanced to attempt to restrain Bert. Bert, terrified at the advancing trainers, bolted from the stage.

The fake arm struck Esther, who was sitting in the second row, in the face, shattering her cheek bone in 2 places. Esther had a unique condition which made her bones extremely brittle. If the "arm" had struck another person, they would have likely had a small bruise.

Emma, Esther's cousin, was sitting next to Esther. When she saw her cousin injured, she screamed and fainted.

The staff and security personnel were in shock as the crowd panicked. It took several minutes for someone to call emergency services. An ambulance arrived 20 minutes later. The paramedics were told that Emma had fainted. She seemed to be somewhat confused, although conscious. It was decided that she would be taken to the hospital as a precaution. However, since she had gained consciousness, the lights and sirens were not activated by the paramedics, nor was an intravenous

line started or oxygen administered.

Emma had had a history of heart problems and usually wore a medic alert bracelet. She had recently broken the bracelet and had not replaced it. The paramedics had not, in any event, checked for a bracelet or inquired as to Emma's medical history. Emma sustained a massive heart attack when the ambulance was approaching the hospital. The doctors were unable to save her. If she had been at the hospital when she suffered the attack, it was likely that she would have survived.

Meanwhile, Bert was still on the loose.

Charles was a driver for Speedy Transport Inc. He was about to pull into the Niagara Falls Casino parking lot with a load of slot machines when Bert darted across the street in front of him. Startled to see a large black bear in the city, Charles hit the gas pedal instead of the brake and the truck shot across the road, hitting the hydro transformer that serviced the Casino. As a result, all power to the Casino was cut off.

Following these events:

1. (i)Esther has had 2 reconstructive surgeries, lost $50,000.00 in wages over a 6 month period and looks noticeably "different" as a result of the surgeries.
2. (ii)Emma's Estate wishes to commence legal action. Emma was 65 years old and was a bestselling novelist, about to complete the next book in a popular series, "Games of Kings".
3. She had received profits in excess of $1,000,000.00 from each of the previous books.
4. (iii)Niagara Falls Casino estimates that it has sustained losses of 1.5 million dollars, being $1,000,000.00 in lost gaming profits, $100,000.00 in lost wages and $400,000.00 in complimentary packages and gaming tokens given to disgruntled gamblers as a result of the Casino being closed.

Required: Discuss the possible legal actions based upon the principles of negligence that may be brought by Esther, Emma's Estate and the Casino. Discuss the likely outcome of the actions. Be certain to explain the applicable legal principles and the elements of a negligence action as part of your answer. Does the principle of vicarious liability apply to this case?

principles of negligence: duty of care, standard of care and causation