Hugenberg, Miller, and Claypool (2007) conducted a study to better understand the cross-race effect, in which people have a difficult time recognizing members of different racial groups—colloquially known as the “they-all-look-the-same-to-me” effect. In a variation on this study, white participants viewed either 20 black faces or 20 white faces for three seconds each. Half the participants were told to pay particu -

lar attention to distinguishing features of the faces.

Later, participants were shown 40 black faces or 40 white faces (the same race as in the prior stage of the ex periment), 20 of which were new. Each participant received a score that measured their recognition accuracy.

The researchers reported two effects, one for the race of the people in the pictures, F(1, 136) 23.06, p  0.001, and one for the interaction of the race of the people in the pictures and the instructions, F(1, 136) 5.27, p  0.05. When given no instructions, the mean recognition scores were 1.46 for white faces and 1.04 for black faces. When given instructions to pay attention to distinguishing features, the mean recognition scores were 1.38 for white faces and 1.23 for black faces.

a. What are th